GLM with Elastic Net Regularization Survival Learner
mlr_learners_surv.glmnet.RdGeneralized linear models with elastic net regularization.
Calls glmnet::glmnet() from package glmnet.
Prediction types
This learner returns three prediction types:
lp: a vector containing the linear predictors (relative risk scores), where each score corresponds to a specific test observation. Calculated usingglmnet::predict.coxnet().crank: same aslp.distr: a survival matrix in two dimensions, where observations are represented in rows and time points in columns. Calculated usingglmnet::survfit.coxnet(). Parametersstypeandctyperelate to howlppredictions are transformed into survival predictions and are described insurvival::survfit.coxph(). By default the Breslow estimator is used for computing the baseline hazard.
Caution: This learner is different to learners calling glmnet::cv.glmnet()
in that it does not use the internal optimization of parameter lambda.
Instead, lambda needs to be tuned by the user (e.g., via mlr3tuning).
When lambda is tuned, the glmnet will be trained for each tuning iteration.
While fitting the whole path of lambdas would be more efficient, as is done
by default in glmnet::glmnet(), tuning/selecting the parameter at prediction time
(using parameter s) is currently not supported in mlr3
(at least not in efficient manner).
Tuning the s parameter is, therefore, currently discouraged.
When the data are i.i.d. and efficiency is key, we recommend using the respective
auto-tuning counterpart in mlr_learners_surv.cv_glmnet().
However, in some situations this is not applicable, usually when data are
imbalanced or not i.i.d. (longitudinal, time-series) and tuning requires
custom resampling strategies (blocked design, stratification).
Meta Information
Task type: “surv”
Predict Types: “crank”, “distr”, “lp”
Feature Types: “logical”, “integer”, “numeric”
Required Packages: mlr3, mlr3proba, mlr3extralearners, glmnet
Parameters
| Id | Type | Default | Levels | Range |
| alignment | character | lambda | lambda, fraction | - |
| alpha | numeric | 1 | \([0, 1]\) | |
| big | numeric | 9.9e+35 | \((-\infty, \infty)\) | |
| devmax | numeric | 0.999 | \([0, 1]\) | |
| dfmax | integer | - | \([0, \infty)\) | |
| eps | numeric | 1e-06 | \([0, 1]\) | |
| epsnr | numeric | 1e-08 | \([0, 1]\) | |
| exact | logical | FALSE | TRUE, FALSE | - |
| exclude | untyped | - | - | |
| exmx | numeric | 250 | \((-\infty, \infty)\) | |
| fdev | numeric | 1e-05 | \([0, 1]\) | |
| gamma | untyped | - | - | |
| grouped | logical | TRUE | TRUE, FALSE | - |
| intercept | logical | TRUE | TRUE, FALSE | - |
| keep | logical | FALSE | TRUE, FALSE | - |
| lambda | untyped | - | - | |
| lambda.min.ratio | numeric | - | \([0, 1]\) | |
| lower.limits | untyped | -Inf | - | |
| maxit | integer | 100000 | \([1, \infty)\) | |
| mnlam | integer | 5 | \([1, \infty)\) | |
| mxit | integer | 100 | \([1, \infty)\) | |
| mxitnr | integer | 25 | \([1, \infty)\) | |
| newoffset | untyped | - | - | |
| nlambda | integer | 100 | \([1, \infty)\) | |
| offset | untyped | NULL | - | |
| parallel | logical | FALSE | TRUE, FALSE | - |
| penalty.factor | untyped | - | - | |
| pmax | integer | - | \([0, \infty)\) | |
| pmin | numeric | 1e-09 | \([0, 1]\) | |
| prec | numeric | 1e-10 | \((-\infty, \infty)\) | |
| predict.gamma | numeric | gamma.1se | \((-\infty, \infty)\) | |
| relax | logical | FALSE | TRUE, FALSE | - |
| s | numeric | 0.01 | \([0, \infty)\) | |
| standardize | logical | TRUE | TRUE, FALSE | - |
| thresh | numeric | 1e-07 | \([0, \infty)\) | |
| trace.it | integer | 0 | \([0, 1]\) | |
| type.logistic | character | Newton | Newton, modified.Newton | - |
| type.multinomial | character | ungrouped | ungrouped, grouped | - |
| upper.limits | untyped | Inf | - | |
| stype | integer | 2 | \([1, 2]\) | |
| ctype | integer | - | \([1, 2]\) |
References
Friedman J, Hastie T, Tibshirani R (2010). “Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent.” Journal of Statistical Software, 33(1), 1–22. doi:10.18637/jss.v033.i01 .
See also
as.data.table(mlr_learners)for a table of available Learners in the running session (depending on the loaded packages).Chapter in the mlr3book: https://mlr3book.mlr-org.com/basics.html#learners
mlr3learners for a selection of recommended learners.
mlr3cluster for unsupervised clustering learners.
mlr3pipelines to combine learners with pre- and postprocessing steps.
mlr3tuning for tuning of hyperparameters, mlr3tuningspaces for established default tuning spaces.
Super classes
mlr3::Learner -> mlr3proba::LearnerSurv -> LearnerSurvGlmnet
Methods
Method selected_features()
Returns the set of selected features as reported by glmnet::predict.glmnet()
with type set to "nonzero".
Arguments
lambda(
numeric(1))
Customlambda, defaults to the active lambda depending on parameter set.
Returns
(character()) of feature names.
Examples
# Define the Learner
learner = mlr3::lrn("surv.glmnet")
print(learner)
#> <LearnerSurvGlmnet:surv.glmnet>: Regularized Generalized Linear Model
#> * Model: -
#> * Parameters: list()
#> * Packages: mlr3, mlr3proba, mlr3extralearners, glmnet
#> * Predict Types: [crank], distr, lp
#> * Feature Types: logical, integer, numeric
#> * Properties: selected_features, weights
# Define a Task
task = mlr3::tsk("grace")
# Create train and test set
ids = mlr3::partition(task)
# Train the learner on the training ids
learner$train(task, row_ids = ids$train)
print(learner$model)
#> $model
#>
#> Call: (if (cv) glmnet::cv.glmnet else glmnet::glmnet)(x = data, y = target, family = "cox")
#>
#> Df %Dev Lambda
#> 1 0 0.00 0.163900
#> 2 2 0.81 0.149400
#> 3 2 1.68 0.136100
#> 4 3 4.42 0.124000
#> 5 3 7.35 0.113000
#> 6 3 9.52 0.103000
#> 7 3 11.20 0.093810
#> 8 3 12.54 0.085470
#> 9 3 13.64 0.077880
#> 10 3 14.55 0.070960
#> 11 3 15.30 0.064660
#> 12 3 15.93 0.058910
#> 13 3 16.46 0.053680
#> 14 3 16.91 0.048910
#> 15 3 17.29 0.044570
#> 16 4 17.64 0.040610
#> 17 5 17.95 0.037000
#> 18 5 18.23 0.033710
#> 19 5 18.47 0.030720
#> 20 5 18.67 0.027990
#> 21 5 18.84 0.025500
#> 22 5 18.98 0.023240
#> 23 5 19.10 0.021170
#> 24 5 19.20 0.019290
#> 25 5 19.29 0.017580
#> 26 5 19.36 0.016020
#> 27 5 19.43 0.014590
#> 28 5 19.48 0.013300
#> 29 5 19.52 0.012120
#> 30 5 19.56 0.011040
#> 31 5 19.59 0.010060
#> 32 5 19.62 0.009165
#> 33 5 19.64 0.008351
#> 34 5 19.66 0.007609
#> 35 5 19.67 0.006933
#> 36 5 19.68 0.006317
#> 37 5 19.70 0.005756
#> 38 5 19.70 0.005245
#> 39 5 19.71 0.004779
#> 40 5 19.72 0.004354
#> 41 5 19.72 0.003967
#> 42 5 19.73 0.003615
#> 43 5 19.73 0.003294
#>
#> $x
#> age los revasc revascdays stchange sysbp
#> [1,] 28 9 0 180 1 107
#> [2,] 32 5 1 0 1 121
#> [3,] 35 5 1 2 0 172
#> [4,] 35 10 1 9 0 106
#> [5,] 34 5 0 5 0 120
#> [6,] 35 2 0 180 0 121
#> [7,] 37 9 0 180 1 151
#> [8,] 38 13 1 0 1 161
#> [9,] 38 2 0 115 0 150
#> [10,] 36 1 0 180 1 155
#> [11,] 35 0 0 180 1 119
#> [12,] 36 5 1 0 1 115
#> [13,] 33 6 1 1 1 115
#> [14,] 38 16 1 10 0 160
#> [15,] 38 12 1 11 1 92
#> [16,] 40 12 1 9 0 153
#> [17,] 37 1 1 0 1 146
#> [18,] 40 2 1 1 1 148
#> [19,] 42 2 0 180 1 100
#> [20,] 38 5 1 3 0 125
#> [21,] 42 2 0 2 0 140
#> [22,] 40 6 0 180 1 138
#> [23,] 43 3 1 0 1 100
#> [24,] 40 1 1 0 1 145
#> [25,] 43 4 1 0 1 130
#> [26,] 40 3 1 1 0 170
#> [27,] 42 2 0 180 1 124
#> [28,] 44 5 1 1 0 170
#> [29,] 45 3 0 180 1 154
#> [30,] 41 10 1 8 0 150
#> [31,] 41 13 1 1 0 140
#> [32,] 45 9 1 7 0 110
#> [33,] 44 2 1 1 1 150
#> [34,] 43 2 0 180 1 140
#> [35,] 46 15 0 180 0 120
#> [36,] 46 2 1 1 0 126
#> [37,] 47 4 1 3 0 118
#> [38,] 48 15 0 180 1 160
#> [39,] 46 7 1 2 0 166
#> [40,] 43 29 0 180 1 180
#> [41,] 43 10 0 180 0 185
#> [42,] 46 13 1 10 0 100
#> [43,] 47 4 1 3 1 160
#> [44,] 43 3 1 0 1 124
#> [45,] 45 8 1 0 1 117
#> [46,] 49 5 0 73 1 136
#> [47,] 45 5 0 5 0 141
#> [48,] 46 6 1 0 1 100
#> [49,] 47 2 0 180 0 108
#> [50,] 44 9 1 8 1 135
#> [51,] 45 5 0 180 1 190
#> [52,] 46 5 1 3 0 130
#> [53,] 46 4 0 180 1 121
#> [54,] 44 2 0 180 0 142
#> [55,] 46 15 0 180 1 120
#> [56,] 45 9 1 0 1 145
#> [57,] 48 3 0 180 0 154
#> [58,] 48 12 1 11 0 200
#> [59,] 47 9 1 6 0 170
#> [60,] 46 3 1 0 1 119
#> [61,] 47 10 0 10 1 140
#> [62,] 50 1 1 0 1 129
#> [63,] 48 2 1 0 0 184
#> [64,] 50 4 1 1 0 125
#> [65,] 50 6 1 2 1 140
#> [66,] 49 7 1 7 1 110
#> [67,] 46 3 1 1 1 140
#> [68,] 50 7 0 180 1 110
#> [69,] 49 2 0 2 0 105
#> [70,] 51 1 0 1 1 145
#> [71,] 47 2 0 180 0 150
#> [72,] 49 23 0 179 1 112
#> [73,] 52 2 0 180 1 170
#> [74,] 50 7 1 0 1 92
#> [75,] 50 1 1 0 0 150
#> [76,] 50 9 0 180 0 130
#> [77,] 47 8 0 180 0 160
#> [78,] 47 6 0 180 1 162
#> [79,] 52 2 0 180 0 155
#> [80,] 50 4 1 1 0 150
#> [81,] 48 7 1 0 1 110
#> [82,] 53 8 0 36 1 160
#> [83,] 48 17 1 10 0 111
#> [84,] 52 4 1 4 0 152
#> [85,] 49 9 1 3 0 102
#> [86,] 49 15 0 180 1 160
#> [87,] 53 5 0 180 1 140
#> [88,] 54 17 1 12 1 102
#> [89,] 53 5 0 77 0 159
#> [90,] 53 7 1 0 0 199
#> [91,] 54 6 1 3 0 129
#> [92,] 51 3 1 1 0 140
#> [93,] 50 14 1 13 0 170
#> [94,] 49 5 1 2 1 150
#> [95,] 53 4 0 4 0 140
#> [96,] 52 14 1 7 1 200
#> [97,] 48 6 0 180 0 160
#> [98,] 48 11 1 10 0 120
#> [99,] 53 4 1 0 1 156
#> [100,] 51 13 0 99 1 160
#> [101,] 54 9 1 0 1 138
#> [102,] 49 16 0 16 0 125
#> [103,] 55 3 1 1 0 150
#> [104,] 54 23 1 10 0 131
#> [105,] 52 7 1 2 0 154
#> [106,] 55 6 1 2 1 114
#> [107,] 55 4 1 2 0 150
#> [108,] 52 4 0 180 1 180
#> [109,] 50 5 1 4 1 150
#> [110,] 54 4 1 0 1 121
#> [111,] 52 4 0 180 0 183
#> [112,] 50 3 0 174 1 153
#> [113,] 55 28 1 13 1 160
#> [114,] 50 7 1 1 0 156
#> [115,] 53 9 0 9 1 95
#> [116,] 56 4 1 1 1 130
#> [117,] 52 5 0 175 1 117
#> [118,] 55 1 0 180 0 127
#> [119,] 55 2 0 2 0 145
#> [120,] 56 2 0 180 0 132
#> [121,] 53 18 1 9 1 150
#> [122,] 54 3 0 180 1 180
#> [123,] 55 6 0 180 0 170
#> [124,] 52 16 0 16 0 152
#> [125,] 53 10 1 9 0 172
#> [126,] 52 16 1 14 0 170
#> [127,] 55 6 0 180 1 100
#> [128,] 55 6 1 5 1 138
#> [129,] 55 2 0 134 1 140
#> [130,] 56 3 0 8 1 139
#> [131,] 52 9 1 3 0 170
#> [132,] 54 2 1 1 1 176
#> [133,] 57 5 1 3 1 138
#> [134,] 57 1 0 1 1 100
#> [135,] 56 4 1 0 1 140
#> [136,] 52 2 0 180 0 140
#> [137,] 55 11 1 7 0 104
#> [138,] 52 15 1 14 0 130
#> [139,] 56 14 1 11 0 130
#> [140,] 53 3 1 0 1 200
#> [141,] 57 10 0 180 1 170
#> [142,] 54 5 0 180 1 108
#> [143,] 57 0 0 0 1 150
#> [144,] 53 21 1 13 1 130
#> [145,] 59 3 1 1 0 172
#> [146,] 58 6 1 0 1 90
#> [147,] 55 9 1 2 1 147
#> [148,] 56 5 0 5 1 150
#> [149,] 57 4 1 2 1 185
#> [150,] 53 4 0 147 1 145
#> [151,] 57 11 1 10 1 129
#> [152,] 55 3 1 2 0 140
#> [153,] 55 5 0 5 1 131
#> [154,] 56 4 0 4 0 164
#> [155,] 59 15 1 10 0 140
#> [156,] 58 1 1 1 1 200
#> [157,] 55 5 1 0 0 140
#> [158,] 56 7 1 5 1 120
#> [159,] 55 2 0 2 0 106
#> [160,] 59 9 1 1 1 125
#> [161,] 57 2 0 2 1 120
#> [162,] 60 5 1 1 0 138
#> [163,] 57 5 0 180 1 130
#> [164,] 58 11 1 9 1 124
#> [165,] 55 5 1 0 1 160
#> [166,] 57 10 1 9 0 103
#> [167,] 59 6 1 0 1 140
#> [168,] 59 5 0 180 1 155
#> [169,] 59 4 1 0 1 152
#> [170,] 58 26 1 0 1 189
#> [171,] 61 9 0 9 1 160
#> [172,] 58 4 1 3 0 120
#> [173,] 59 2 1 1 0 140
#> [174,] 61 9 1 8 0 150
#> [175,] 61 3 1 2 1 102
#> [176,] 58 1 0 1 1 100
#> [177,] 57 13 1 10 0 110
#> [178,] 57 4 1 3 0 138
#> [179,] 61 3 0 17 0 143
#> [180,] 56 14 0 45 0 130
#> [181,] 56 13 1 6 1 158
#> [182,] 56 18 1 11 1 165
#> [183,] 55 4 1 3 1 160
#> [184,] 58 11 0 172 1 135
#> [185,] 55 9 1 7 1 135
#> [186,] 61 4 1 0 1 115
#> [187,] 57 15 1 13 1 110
#> [188,] 59 10 0 180 0 160
#> [189,] 61 8 0 77 0 120
#> [190,] 61 13 0 13 0 210
#> [191,] 58 8 1 5 0 152
#> [192,] 62 10 1 0 1 153
#> [193,] 57 3 1 0 0 100
#> [194,] 58 8 1 3 1 150
#> [195,] 57 7 0 169 0 180
#> [196,] 61 7 0 7 1 150
#> [197,] 60 7 0 7 0 147
#> [198,] 61 6 0 6 0 134
#> [199,] 59 13 1 2 0 198
#> [200,] 57 12 1 9 1 120
#> [201,] 60 17 1 8 1 140
#> [202,] 58 3 1 0 1 146
#> [203,] 62 4 1 3 0 173
#> [204,] 59 16 1 9 1 133
#> [205,] 63 6 0 28 1 120
#> [206,] 61 13 0 13 0 120
#> [207,] 61 5 0 5 1 110
#> [208,] 61 5 0 5 1 160
#> [209,] 58 11 1 9 0 179
#> [210,] 57 2 1 1 0 159
#> [211,] 62 1 1 0 1 172
#> [212,] 58 7 0 180 1 150
#> [213,] 63 3 1 1 0 180
#> [214,] 63 4 1 3 0 222
#> [215,] 62 3 0 180 1 105
#> [216,] 63 15 1 10 1 126
#> [217,] 64 4 0 180 0 130
#> [218,] 63 4 1 1 0 155
#> [219,] 59 8 0 180 1 140
#> [220,] 61 9 1 9 1 150
#> [221,] 62 7 0 7 0 150
#> [222,] 59 1 0 22 1 162
#> [223,] 58 2 0 180 0 127
#> [224,] 59 4 0 180 0 196
#> [225,] 60 7 1 5 1 141
#> [226,] 60 7 0 7 0 140
#> [227,] 59 5 1 1 0 148
#> [228,] 60 7 1 1 1 90
#> [229,] 65 13 0 180 1 100
#> [230,] 63 1 0 1 0 162
#> [231,] 59 4 0 4 0 149
#> [232,] 60 3 0 3 0 168
#> [233,] 64 10 1 9 0 160
#> [234,] 62 6 0 6 0 120
#> [235,] 63 12 1 10 0 200
#> [236,] 59 10 0 180 1 130
#> [237,] 60 8 0 17 1 130
#> [238,] 64 12 1 11 0 160
#> [239,] 66 1 1 0 1 120
#> [240,] 63 14 1 9 0 123
#> [241,] 66 3 1 1 0 127
#> [242,] 61 10 1 2 1 194
#> [243,] 64 32 1 9 1 160
#> [244,] 63 12 1 9 0 114
#> [245,] 63 7 0 180 0 120
#> [246,] 66 5 1 0 1 110
#> [247,] 65 8 1 0 0 168
#> [248,] 64 0 0 0 1 90
#> [249,] 60 6 0 180 0 130
#> [250,] 64 21 1 10 0 190
#> [251,] 61 12 1 11 0 154
#> [252,] 65 3 0 180 1 190
#> [253,] 63 16 1 7 1 110
#> [254,] 64 7 0 180 1 120
#> [255,] 66 6 1 1 1 130
#> [256,] 63 12 0 12 1 150
#> [257,] 65 6 0 9 0 112
#> [258,] 65 3 1 0 1 80
#> [259,] 63 5 1 4 0 170
#> [260,] 62 13 1 11 0 180
#> [261,] 67 11 0 11 1 100
#> [262,] 64 2 0 2 0 201
#> [263,] 66 18 1 5 0 142
#> [264,] 66 16 1 11 1 169
#> [265,] 61 14 1 5 0 140
#> [266,] 61 15 1 10 0 130
#> [267,] 63 3 1 2 0 120
#> [268,] 63 2 1 0 0 140
#> [269,] 64 19 1 8 1 160
#> [270,] 65 15 1 11 1 160
#> [271,] 64 13 1 12 1 150
#> [272,] 64 6 1 0 1 125
#> [273,] 66 7 1 0 1 115
#> [274,] 66 13 1 0 0 118
#> [275,] 64 14 1 13 1 150
#> [276,] 65 3 0 3 0 105
#> [277,] 64 0 0 0 1 148
#> [278,] 67 4 1 3 0 130
#> [279,] 66 6 1 0 1 140
#> [280,] 65 2 1 1 1 170
#> [281,] 64 10 1 9 1 110
#> [282,] 67 8 1 1 1 130
#> [283,] 63 10 0 16 1 160
#> [284,] 66 14 0 180 0 130
#> [285,] 64 1 0 1 1 120
#> [286,] 65 17 1 14 1 100
#> [287,] 63 8 1 1 1 162
#> [288,] 65 18 1 3 0 120
#> [289,] 63 1 1 0 1 155
#> [290,] 67 11 0 11 0 150
#> [291,] 68 11 0 180 0 160
#> [292,] 68 14 0 79 0 172
#> [293,] 65 15 1 12 1 150
#> [294,] 69 12 0 15 1 140
#> [295,] 66 15 1 13 1 160
#> [296,] 66 9 1 8 0 130
#> [297,] 65 8 1 0 1 90
#> [298,] 69 1 1 0 0 170
#> [299,] 68 10 1 10 1 150
#> [300,] 65 1 1 0 0 133
#> [301,] 63 2 1 0 0 99
#> [302,] 65 6 0 6 0 80
#> [303,] 65 10 1 1 1 148
#> [304,] 66 19 1 12 1 150
#> [305,] 67 12 1 12 0 160
#> [306,] 69 6 0 99 1 140
#> [307,] 65 4 1 1 0 130
#> [308,] 64 4 0 179 0 160
#> [309,] 70 15 1 12 1 132
#> [310,] 64 4 0 180 1 140
#> [311,] 67 2 0 18 0 131
#> [312,] 66 7 1 5 1 131
#> [313,] 66 4 0 180 0 177
#> [314,] 68 4 1 0 1 160
#> [315,] 65 13 1 12 1 130
#> [316,] 69 8 0 93 0 140
#> [317,] 64 21 0 21 1 155
#> [318,] 66 6 0 180 0 140
#> [319,] 68 18 1 0 1 160
#> [320,] 65 6 0 101 1 115
#> [321,] 68 4 0 4 1 190
#> [322,] 70 7 1 0 1 190
#> [323,] 68 7 0 150 0 210
#> [324,] 67 2 0 180 0 128
#> [325,] 66 9 1 3 1 151
#> [326,] 66 1 1 1 1 165
#> [327,] 69 8 0 180 1 153
#> [328,] 66 4 0 180 0 130
#> [329,] 67 10 1 9 0 200
#> [330,] 67 6 1 4 0 130
#> [331,] 68 18 1 14 1 170
#> [332,] 65 2 0 180 0 130
#> [333,] 68 7 1 0 1 150
#> [334,] 69 3 1 2 0 151
#> [335,] 67 14 1 13 0 130
#> [336,] 65 14 1 13 1 150
#> [337,] 69 8 0 180 1 180
#> [338,] 66 2 0 2 1 228
#> [339,] 69 5 0 5 1 142
#> [340,] 71 3 0 103 0 133
#> [341,] 67 1 0 36 1 104
#> [342,] 68 6 0 180 0 145
#> [343,] 69 8 1 5 1 195
#> [344,] 72 3 1 0 1 132
#> [345,] 72 7 0 7 1 110
#> [346,] 69 8 1 7 1 108
#> [347,] 67 3 0 180 0 110
#> [348,] 69 19 0 180 0 130
#> [349,] 68 18 0 18 1 100
#> [350,] 67 14 0 172 1 140
#> [351,] 69 11 1 0 1 120
#> [352,] 67 7 1 4 0 122
#> [353,] 69 4 1 3 0 132
#> [354,] 69 8 1 2 0 121
#> [355,] 67 13 1 9 0 130
#> [356,] 70 9 0 180 1 142
#> [357,] 68 3 0 19 0 135
#> [358,] 67 12 1 8 0 120
#> [359,] 67 4 0 60 1 136
#> [360,] 69 5 0 76 0 120
#> [361,] 67 8 1 0 1 130
#> [362,] 68 10 1 8 1 160
#> [363,] 70 35 1 0 1 105
#> [364,] 72 30 1 0 1 145
#> [365,] 73 20 1 0 1 170
#> [366,] 71 6 0 9 0 120
#> [367,] 72 12 1 10 0 170
#> [368,] 67 8 0 180 1 170
#> [369,] 67 5 1 0 1 147
#> [370,] 67 9 0 180 0 158
#> [371,] 70 5 0 180 0 150
#> [372,] 72 2 0 2 1 100
#> [373,] 67 4 1 1 0 134
#> [374,] 72 6 1 5 0 115
#> [375,] 68 23 0 180 1 220
#> [376,] 70 3 0 180 0 121
#> [377,] 69 3 0 180 0 220
#> [378,] 68 4 1 3 0 210
#> [379,] 72 5 0 28 0 120
#> [380,] 71 5 0 180 0 191
#> [381,] 73 6 0 180 1 117
#> [382,] 69 16 1 10 1 140
#> [383,] 69 8 1 1 0 164
#> [384,] 69 1 1 0 0 155
#> [385,] 72 8 1 1 1 150
#> [386,] 71 2 1 0 1 180
#> [387,] 73 7 0 7 1 140
#> [388,] 70 3 0 3 1 159
#> [389,] 70 13 1 9 0 100
#> [390,] 73 0 0 180 1 161
#> [391,] 73 4 0 180 1 154
#> [392,] 71 3 1 1 0 150
#> [393,] 74 20 0 20 1 180
#> [394,] 68 9 0 180 1 120
#> [395,] 71 20 1 10 0 140
#> [396,] 74 0 1 0 1 90
#> [397,] 73 3 1 0 1 136
#> [398,] 70 5 1 0 1 190
#> [399,] 71 17 1 11 0 160
#> [400,] 71 8 1 7 0 149
#> [401,] 73 10 1 8 0 106
#> [402,] 69 12 1 1 1 149
#> [403,] 70 26 1 11 1 120
#> [404,] 74 4 0 4 0 120
#> [405,] 73 4 0 58 1 160
#> [406,] 70 3 0 180 1 154
#> [407,] 73 6 0 180 0 110
#> [408,] 71 7 1 2 0 143
#> [409,] 72 8 1 0 1 140
#> [410,] 74 3 0 3 1 150
#> [411,] 71 13 1 8 0 121
#> [412,] 70 4 1 0 1 140
#> [413,] 71 14 1 13 1 170
#> [414,] 69 7 0 180 1 144
#> [415,] 72 15 1 13 0 156
#> [416,] 70 8 0 8 0 120
#> [417,] 71 10 1 9 1 120
#> [418,] 75 2 1 1 0 145
#> [419,] 73 10 1 9 1 146
#> [420,] 72 10 1 9 1 160
#> [421,] 73 10 1 10 1 120
#> [422,] 74 15 1 9 1 179
#> [423,] 73 1 0 1 1 80
#> [424,] 75 13 1 1 1 130
#> [425,] 71 11 1 8 0 110
#> [426,] 71 4 0 4 0 134
#> [427,] 70 7 1 4 0 184
#> [428,] 72 1 1 1 0 168
#> [429,] 73 10 0 180 0 162
#> [430,] 72 11 0 11 1 140
#> [431,] 70 3 0 3 0 150
#> [432,] 76 25 1 12 1 170
#> [433,] 75 1 0 180 1 140
#> [434,] 73 5 0 180 0 126
#> [435,] 73 4 0 180 0 124
#> [436,] 74 34 1 8 1 233
#> [437,] 76 3 1 0 1 120
#> [438,] 71 32 1 12 1 107
#> [439,] 72 5 0 180 0 154
#> [440,] 72 3 0 180 0 160
#> [441,] 76 5 0 5 1 130
#> [442,] 77 11 0 11 1 150
#> [443,] 75 3 1 1 0 180
#> [444,] 73 15 0 15 1 160
#> [445,] 71 16 0 180 0 140
#> [446,] 73 10 1 10 0 124
#> [447,] 74 3 0 3 1 128
#> [448,] 76 1 0 180 0 114
#> [449,] 74 2 1 1 0 140
#> [450,] 73 6 0 6 1 114
#> [451,] 75 23 1 14 1 110
#> [452,] 74 2 0 180 0 190
#> [453,] 72 4 0 85 1 120
#> [454,] 76 13 1 10 0 110
#> [455,] 75 4 1 0 1 122
#> [456,] 75 7 0 7 0 190
#> [457,] 75 0 0 0 1 130
#> [458,] 73 13 1 11 0 195
#> [459,] 76 13 1 8 1 148
#> [460,] 74 6 0 180 0 160
#> [461,] 76 4 0 4 1 155
#> [462,] 74 2 0 180 0 111
#> [463,] 73 1 0 52 1 105
#> [464,] 73 0 0 180 0 156
#> [465,] 72 5 0 180 0 120
#> [466,] 76 5 0 180 0 185
#> [467,] 76 5 1 0 1 167
#> [468,] 74 8 1 8 1 170
#> [469,] 75 9 0 180 1 140
#> [470,] 73 10 1 9 0 146
#> [471,] 76 12 1 11 1 120
#> [472,] 74 9 1 8 0 200
#> [473,] 74 2 1 0 1 130
#> [474,] 77 3 0 180 0 110
#> [475,] 76 29 0 47 0 90
#> [476,] 74 15 0 180 1 172
#> [477,] 78 8 1 6 1 110
#> [478,] 74 7 0 7 0 161
#> [479,] 78 32 1 9 1 198
#> [480,] 79 6 0 180 0 170
#> [481,] 80 10 1 6 1 147
#> [482,] 78 0 0 180 1 212
#> [483,] 80 8 0 8 1 120
#> [484,] 74 10 1 8 0 135
#> [485,] 79 4 0 80 0 145
#> [486,] 78 12 1 9 0 150
#> [487,] 78 2 1 1 0 130
#> [488,] 75 4 1 0 0 212
#> [489,] 78 10 0 180 1 130
#> [490,] 75 11 1 4 0 162
#> [491,] 75 3 0 3 0 0
#> [492,] 76 7 0 29 1 150
#> [493,] 79 8 0 32 1 120
#> [494,] 80 9 0 23 1 128
#> [495,] 80 6 0 6 1 150
#> [496,] 76 3 1 0 1 140
#> [497,] 78 11 1 1 1 140
#> [498,] 79 2 1 0 1 121
#> [499,] 78 14 1 0 1 140
#> [500,] 81 1 0 1 0 130
#> [501,] 76 4 0 4 1 160
#> [502,] 79 4 0 4 1 125
#> [503,] 76 10 1 8 0 180
#> [504,] 76 12 1 10 1 127
#> [505,] 80 3 1 0 1 120
#> [506,] 75 2 1 1 1 204
#> [507,] 76 1 0 1 1 140
#> [508,] 77 31 1 3 1 161
#> [509,] 78 7 1 0 1 110
#> [510,] 79 3 0 3 0 120
#> [511,] 77 7 0 180 1 170
#> [512,] 81 1 0 180 0 120
#> [513,] 80 15 1 12 1 150
#> [514,] 77 9 1 4 0 141
#> [515,] 78 4 0 59 1 112
#> [516,] 80 17 1 12 0 100
#> [517,] 76 7 0 161 0 151
#> [518,] 79 10 0 10 1 120
#> [519,] 80 15 1 0 1 90
#> [520,] 81 4 1 2 1 126
#> [521,] 78 32 0 180 1 130
#> [522,] 81 3 0 180 0 184
#> [523,] 81 2 0 175 0 172
#> [524,] 78 7 0 7 1 147
#> [525,] 77 13 1 0 1 190
#> [526,] 78 15 0 15 0 165
#> [527,] 80 5 1 1 1 108
#> [528,] 78 4 0 180 0 175
#> [529,] 78 26 1 5 0 194
#> [530,] 76 1 0 166 0 131
#> [531,] 80 1 0 1 0 100
#> [532,] 82 3 1 1 1 144
#> [533,] 77 5 0 85 0 188
#> [534,] 80 2 1 1 0 168
#> [535,] 79 6 0 6 0 152
#> [536,] 79 10 0 180 1 150
#> [537,] 81 1 0 108 0 129
#> [538,] 79 1 0 125 0 193
#> [539,] 82 21 1 2 0 155
#> [540,] 79 4 0 4 1 121
#> [541,] 83 9 1 5 1 170
#> [542,] 83 5 0 180 0 148
#> [543,] 79 7 1 6 0 130
#> [544,] 83 4 0 103 0 97
#> [545,] 81 11 1 8 0 160
#> [546,] 81 5 0 177 0 41
#> [547,] 80 11 1 8 0 170
#> [548,] 78 23 1 10 1 145
#> [549,] 79 4 0 4 1 183
#> [550,] 78 9 1 4 1 120
#> [551,] 82 8 1 1 0 128
#> [552,] 79 1 0 180 1 170
#> [553,] 81 15 0 180 1 140
#> [554,] 81 20 1 9 0 170
#> [555,] 83 8 0 8 0 115
#> [556,] 81 16 0 16 1 110
#> [557,] 80 11 1 8 0 110
#> [558,] 81 8 0 180 0 146
#> [559,] 80 8 1 7 0 160
#> [560,] 79 7 0 177 0 197
#> [561,] 79 0 1 0 1 96
#> [562,] 85 4 0 180 0 90
#> [563,] 81 2 1 1 0 198
#> [564,] 82 6 0 128 1 100
#> [565,] 84 4 0 167 0 198
#> [566,] 84 5 0 180 1 203
#> [567,] 81 1 0 1 1 150
#> [568,] 83 3 0 180 0 174
#> [569,] 79 9 1 8 0 150
#> [570,] 84 4 0 89 1 129
#> [571,] 80 2 1 0 1 130
#> [572,] 80 6 0 71 1 189
#> [573,] 83 1 0 1 1 100
#> [574,] 80 30 1 13 0 220
#> [575,] 79 14 1 0 0 110
#> [576,] 83 2 0 154 0 130
#> [577,] 82 0 0 2 1 100
#> [578,] 85 9 1 6 1 160
#> [579,] 83 1 0 180 0 160
#> [580,] 84 15 1 13 1 110
#> [581,] 81 12 0 12 1 163
#> [582,] 82 16 1 8 0 103
#> [583,] 82 5 1 0 1 146
#> [584,] 86 12 0 180 1 120
#> [585,] 83 12 1 2 1 170
#> [586,] 81 19 1 14 0 120
#> [587,] 82 15 1 0 0 183
#> [588,] 80 2 0 88 0 135
#> [589,] 86 8 0 8 1 132
#> [590,] 81 16 1 9 0 180
#> [591,] 84 6 0 165 0 145
#> [592,] 86 3 0 3 1 140
#> [593,] 84 3 0 180 1 120
#> [594,] 81 13 0 180 0 152
#> [595,] 85 3 0 3 1 118
#> [596,] 81 2 1 0 1 118
#> [597,] 83 9 0 180 1 149
#> [598,] 82 1 0 180 1 193
#> [599,] 86 12 1 0 1 132
#> [600,] 83 19 0 43 0 150
#> [601,] 84 3 1 2 0 125
#> [602,] 83 10 1 0 1 190
#> [603,] 86 2 0 180 1 169
#> [604,] 88 14 1 3 1 130
#> [605,] 84 3 0 3 1 121
#> [606,] 83 13 1 12 0 170
#> [607,] 84 7 1 2 0 148
#> [608,] 87 2 0 180 0 113
#> [609,] 84 3 0 180 1 170
#> [610,] 82 4 0 4 0 130
#> [611,] 86 13 0 177 0 163
#> [612,] 85 3 0 3 1 113
#> [613,] 86 6 0 6 1 117
#> [614,] 84 13 0 62 1 100
#> [615,] 88 4 0 4 0 100
#> [616,] 83 20 1 3 1 150
#> [617,] 85 22 0 22 1 184
#> [618,] 86 9 1 7 1 142
#> [619,] 87 2 0 180 1 130
#> [620,] 86 6 0 46 0 173
#> [621,] 88 3 0 115 0 110
#> [622,] 88 2 0 180 1 68
#> [623,] 86 15 1 8 1 109
#> [624,] 88 4 0 4 0 86
#> [625,] 89 4 0 4 1 153
#> [626,] 89 5 0 119 1 140
#> [627,] 87 6 0 180 1 110
#> [628,] 84 8 0 180 1 119
#> [629,] 84 2 0 110 1 174
#> [630,] 87 29 0 29 1 97
#> [631,] 87 15 1 9 1 138
#> [632,] 84 0 0 180 1 136
#> [633,] 88 1 0 1 0 135
#> [634,] 86 4 0 180 1 145
#> [635,] 91 8 0 8 0 100
#> [636,] 87 2 0 180 0 160
#> [637,] 91 10 0 145 0 135
#> [638,] 90 11 1 10 1 186
#> [639,] 87 6 0 126 1 168
#> [640,] 86 9 1 7 0 130
#> [641,] 90 4 1 0 0 121
#> [642,] 91 1 0 1 1 74
#> [643,] 87 43 0 178 1 130
#> [644,] 87 5 0 36 1 150
#> [645,] 90 5 1 0 1 125
#> [646,] 89 3 1 1 1 160
#> [647,] 92 1 0 1 1 167
#> [648,] 91 3 0 33 1 137
#> [649,] 87 7 0 74 1 105
#> [650,] 89 2 0 168 0 118
#> [651,] 91 5 0 169 1 176
#> [652,] 92 7 0 7 1 110
#> [653,] 89 4 0 4 1 159
#> [654,] 91 0 0 0 0 0
#> [655,] 89 14 0 180 1 84
#> [656,] 90 18 0 180 0 188
#> [657,] 91 4 1 0 1 120
#> [658,] 90 19 1 11 1 129
#> [659,] 94 6 0 50 0 78
#> [660,] 93 8 0 179 1 110
#> [661,] 94 8 0 8 1 142
#> [662,] 90 16 0 16 1 106
#> [663,] 96 3 0 12 1 97
#> [664,] 95 8 1 5 1 150
#> [665,] 91 7 0 7 0 135
#> [666,] 93 0 1 0 1 122
#> [667,] 92 5 0 69 0 139
#> [668,] 92 2 0 2 0 112
#> [669,] 93 4 0 180 1 135
#> [670,] 96 15 1 0 1 140
#>
#> $y
#> [1] 180.0+ 5.0+ 5.0+ 180.0+ 5.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 115.0 180.0+
#> [11] 180.0+ 5.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 2.0+ 180.0+ 5.0+
#> [21] 2.0+ 180.0+ 3.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 155.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [31] 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [41] 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 73.0 5.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [51] 180.0+ 5.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 177.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [61] 10.0+ 172.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 7.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 2.0 1.0
#> [71] 180.0+ 179.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [81] 7.0 36.0 88.0+ 4.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 77.0 180.0+
#> [91] 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 4.0+ 85.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 166.0+ 99.0
#> [101] 180.0+ 16.0+ 180.0+ 152.0+ 7.0+ 6.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 171.0+ 180.0+
#> [111] 180.0+ 174.0+ 28.0 180.0+ 9.0+ 180.0+ 175.0+ 180.0+ 2.0 180.0+
#> [121] 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 16.0+ 180.0+ 16.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 134.0+ 8.0
#> [131] 180.0+ 180.0+ 140.0 1.0 165.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [141] 180.0+ 180.0+ 0.5 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 15.0 5.0+ 4.0+ 147.0+
#> [151] 180.0+ 180.0+ 5.0+ 4.0+ 180.0+ 1.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 2.0+ 180.0+
#> [161] 2.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 64.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [171] 9.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 3.0 1.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 17.0 45.0
#> [181] 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 172.0+ 24.0 180.0+ 15.0 180.0+ 77.0 13.0+
#> [191] 8.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 169.0 7.0 7.0+ 6.0 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [201] 180.0+ 3.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 28.0 13.0+ 5.0 5.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [211] 1.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 4.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [221] 7.0+ 22.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 84.0 7.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 1.0
#> [231] 4.0+ 3.0+ 167.0 6.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 17.0 12.0 180.0+ 14.0+
#> [241] 3.0+ 88.0 180.0+ 12.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 0.5 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [251] 12.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 12.0 9.0 3.0 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [261] 11.0+ 2.0+ 18.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 3.0+ 2.0+ 103.0 180.0+
#> [271] 13.0 180.0+ 179.0+ 166.0+ 14.0+ 3.0 0.5+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 175.0+
#> [281] 180.0+ 8.0 16.0 180.0+ 1.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 123.0+ 1.0+ 11.0+
#> [291] 180.0+ 79.0 15.0+ 15.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 8.0+ 175.0 10.0 180.0+
#> [301] 180.0+ 6.0 180.0+ 19.0+ 12.0 99.0 180.0+ 179.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [311] 18.0 7.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 93.0 21.0+ 180.0+ 18.0+ 101.0
#> [321] 4.0 7.0+ 150.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 1.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 174.0+ 6.0
#> [331] 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 14.0+ 180.0+ 2.0 5.0+ 103.0
#> [341] 36.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 7.0 8.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 18.0 172.0+
#> [351] 180.0+ 7.0 180.0+ 8.0+ 13.0+ 180.0+ 19.0 180.0+ 60.0 76.0
#> [361] 180.0+ 10.0+ 180.0+ 162.0 124.0 9.0 12.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [371] 180.0+ 2.0 76.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 28.0 180.0+
#> [381] 180.0+ 16.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 7.0+ 3.0+ 13.0+ 180.0+
#> [391] 180.0+ 3.0+ 20.0 180.0+ 20.0 0.5 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 8.0
#> [401] 87.0 12.0 180.0+ 4.0+ 58.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 3.0
#> [411] 175.0 180.0+ 14.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 8.0+ 179.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 159.0
#> [421] 15.0 180.0+ 1.0 13.0 180.0+ 4.0+ 104.0+ 1.0 180.0+ 11.0
#> [431] 3.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 34.0 180.0+ 177.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [441] 5.0 11.0+ 180.0+ 15.0+ 180.0+ 10.0 3.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 6.0
#> [451] 180.0+ 180.0+ 85.0 174.0+ 4.0 7.0 0.5 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [461] 4.0 180.0+ 52.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 8.0 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [471] 12.0 168.0+ 176.0+ 180.0+ 47.0 180.0+ 8.0+ 7.0 32.0 180.0+
#> [481] 10.0 180.0+ 8.0 180.0+ 80.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 4.0+ 180.0+ 152.0+
#> [491] 3.0 29.0 32.0 23.0 6.0 3.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 1.0
#> [501] 4.0 4.0 10.0+ 180.0+ 3.0+ 2.0+ 1.0 171.0 43.0 3.0
#> [511] 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 71.0 59.0 17.0 161.0 10.0+ 180.0+ 93.0
#> [521] 180.0+ 180.0+ 175.0+ 7.0+ 22.0 15.0+ 5.0+ 180.0+ 171.0+ 166.0+
#> [531] 1.0 180.0+ 85.0 10.0 6.0+ 180.0+ 108.0 125.0 180.0+ 4.0
#> [541] 9.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 103.0 180.0+ 177.0+ 169.0 70.0 4.0 180.0+
#> [551] 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 20.0 8.0+ 16.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 177.0+
#> [561] 0.5 180.0+ 180.0+ 128.0 167.0 180.0+ 1.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 89.0
#> [571] 180.0+ 71.0 1.0 30.0 180.0+ 154.0 2.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+
#> [581] 12.0 16.0+ 5.0+ 180.0+ 77.0 180.0+ 83.0 88.0 8.0 180.0+
#> [591] 165.0 3.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 3.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 43.0
#> [601] 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 14.0 3.0 13.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 180.0+ 4.0
#> [611] 177.0 3.0+ 6.0+ 62.0 4.0+ 20.0 22.0 11.0 180.0+ 46.0
#> [621] 115.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 4.0 4.0 119.0 180.0+ 180.0+ 110.0 29.0
#> [631] 180.0+ 180.0+ 1.0+ 180.0+ 8.0 180.0+ 145.0 11.0 126.0 180.0+
#> [641] 4.0 1.0 178.0+ 36.0 89.0 3.0+ 1.0 33.0 74.0 168.0
#> [651] 169.0 7.0 4.0 0.5 180.0+ 180.0+ 4.0 180.0+ 50.0 179.0+
#> [661] 8.0+ 16.0 12.0 8.0 7.0+ 0.5 69.0 2.0 180.0+ 15.0+
#>
#> $weights
#> NULL
#>
# Make predictions for the test rows
predictions = learner$predict(task, row_ids = ids$test)
#> Warning: Multiple lambdas have been fit. Lambda will be set to 0.01 (see parameter 's').
# Score the predictions
predictions$score()
#> surv.cindex
#> 0.8279945